‘If You call 911 they are going to kill me’: families’ experiences of mental health and deaths after police contact in the United States [2019]
This paper examines families’ perceptions of deaths after police contact of persons with mental illnesses (PMIs) in the United States. It uses qualitative semi-structured interviews with the bereaved family members of citizens who died after police contact in the US
‘It’s Mental Health, Not Mental Police’: A Human Rights Approach to Mental Health Triage and Section 136 of the Mental Health Act 1983 [2017]
A human rights approach to the policing of mental ill-health raises fundamental questions about the vulnerability of people in the care of the police, the appropriateness of police interventions, and how societies define and delineate the role and function of
A Co-Responder Model for Policing Mental Health Problems at Crime Hot Spots: Findings from a Pilot Project – 2018
The police often come into contact with people suffering from mental health and substance abuse problems and there is evidence to suggest that these individuals are concentrated in small geographic units. The purpose of the current research is to present
A Crisis in Search of Data: The Revolving Door of Serious Mental Illness in Super Utilization – 2017-04
Individuals with the serious mental illness are well known to be grossly overrepresented in the nation’s criminal justice and social safety-net systems. Making up barely 3% of the adult population, those with diagnoses of schizophrenia or severe bipolar disorder account
A systematic review of co-responder models of police mental health ‘street’ triage [2018]
Background Police mental health street triage is an increasingly common intervention when dealing with police incidents in which there is a suspected mental health component. We conducted a systematic review of street triage interventions with three aims. First, to identify
An examination of the profile and journey of patients with mental illness in the emergency department [2018]
Highlights • Mental health presentations consisted of 3.44% of all presentations to the ED. • Prevalent presenting issues were anxiety and stress, overdose, and suicidality. • Females and those with personality disorder were more likely to present again. • The
An inevitable response? A lived experienced perspective on emergency responses to mental health crises [2020]
Accessible summary What is known? Mental health conditions are common, with recent estimates that around one in six people are diagnosed with anxiety or depression in any given year. People who experience a mental health condition not only require support
Analysis of emergency department length of stay for mental health visits: A case study of a Canadian academic hospital [2018]
CLINICIAN’S CAPSULE What is known about the topic? Little is available in Canadian literature regarding emergency department (ED) use by mental health patients. What did this study ask? Is the number of mental health visits to the ED increasing? Are
Analysis of Emergency Room Visits Reveals a Seriously Mentally Ill, Medically Fragile Population Requiring Strategic Management [2019]
OBJECTIVE: This practice improvement project evaluated the cost of health care services utilized by patients with comorbid mental and physical chronic conditions who were psychiatrically hospitalized but transported for health care services of physical symptoms that developed during their psychiatric
Are pre-existing psychiatric disorders the only reason for involuntary holds in the emergency department? [2020]
Abstract Objectives To determine the role of previous psychiatric disorders including substance use disorders on emergency department (ED) patients on involuntary holds and compare presentations, treatment, and outcomes based on cause. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of patients ≥ 18 years
Assistants in nursing working with mental health consumers in the emergency department [2018]
Nursing students, regardless of setting, require skills in working with people with mental health issues. One way to provide students with learning opportunities within the context of limited undergraduate mental health content and lack of mental health placements is through
Barriers and facilitators to implementing an urban co-responding police-mental health team [2018]
Background In an effort to reduce the increasing number of persons with mental illness (PMI) experiencing incarceration, co-responding police-mental health teams are being utilized as a way to divert PMI from the criminal justice system. Co-response teams are typically an
Care of Youth in Their First Emergency Presentation for Psychotic Disorder: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study [2018]
Objective: Emergency departments (EDs) are often the first point of care for youth with psychotic disorders; however, the care and aftercare they receive have not been well described. The aim of this study was to examine care and aftercare following
Characteristics of Psychiatric Emergency Situations and the Decision-Making Process Leading to Involuntary Admission [2019]
Introduction: Involuntary admissions to psychiatric hospitals, regardless of their beneficial effects, violate the patients’ autonomy. To keep such measures at a minimum and develop less restricting and coercive alternatives, a better understanding of the psychiatric emergency situations which end up
CIT in small municipalities: Officer‐level outcomes [2019]
Research on the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) as a method to deal with mental illness in policing encounters has primarily focused on officers from large urban areas. The current study examined officer‐level outcomes in a non‐urban geographical setting using a
Crisis intervention team training: when police encounter persons with mental illness [2018]
The Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) model is an established training program used to improve police response to encounters involving persons with mental illness (PwMI). Diversion of PwMI from the criminal justice system to appropriate treatment providers in the community is
Crossroads in Mental Health Crisis and Law Enforcement – Webinar – 2020-01-23
Evolving social, economic and fiscal realities have created a strain in the treatment of mental illness. As a result of this strain, police services often become the first line of contact between a person in crisis and available resources. Police
Do police–mental health co-responder programmes reduce emergency department presentations or simply delay the inevitable? [2018]
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the outcomes for people following intervention by a police–mental health co-responder team. Method: Individuals seen by the co-responder team were followed for 2 weeks to monitor subsequent emergency department presentations and inpatient
Effectiveness of Police Crisis Intervention Training Programs [2019]
Approximately 1,000 people in the United States were fatally shot by police officers during 2018, and people with mental illness were involved in approximately 25 percent of those fatalities. Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training is a specialized police curriculum that
Emergency care in case of acute psychotic and/or manic symptoms: Lived experiences of patients and their families with the first interventions of a mobile crisis team. A phenomenological study [2018]
1 Purpose To explore the lived experiences of patients with a psychotic or bipolar disorder and their families with emergency care during the first contact with a mobile crisis team. 2 Methods Open individual interviews were held with ten patients
Emergency service experiences of adults with autism spectrum disorder without intellectual disability – 2018
This study aimed to describe patterns of emergency department use and police interactions, as well as satisfaction with emergency services of 40 adults with autism spectrum disorder without intellectual disability over 12–18 months. Approximately 42.5% of the sample reported visiting the
Evaluating psychiatric readmissions in the emergency department of a large public hospital – 2018
Introduction: Hospital emergency departments (EDs) around the country are being challenged by an ever-increasing volume of patients seeking psychiatric services. This manuscript describes a study performed to identify internal and external factors contributing to repeated psychiatric patient admissions to the
Exploring Mental Health-Related Calls for Police Service: A Canadian Study of Police Officers as ‘Frontline Mental Health Workers’ [2018]
Official police data from a Canadian city were used to provide insight into calls for police service that were primarily related to mental health concerns (N = 400). People with mental illness (PMI) consumer demographics, situation features, and outcomes of
First Presentation with Psychotic Symptoms to the Emergency Department [2017]
Background Mental health conditions account for 52.8 million (4.9–6.3%) emergency department (ED) visits in the United States. Psychotic conditions are responsible for approximately 10% of all mental health presentations. Objective We aimed to determine the underlying etiology and characteristics of
Grading the States: An Analysis of Involuntary Psychiatric Treatment Laws [2018]
Grading the States: An Analysis of U.S. Psychiatric Treatment Laws examines the laws that provide for involuntary treatment for psychiatric illness in each state. To do so, we asked a crucial question: Does the state law allow an individual in
How do ED patients with criminal justice contact compare with other ED users? A retrospective analysis of ED visits in California [2018]
Objective To assess the patterns of emergency department (ED) utilisation among those with and without criminal justice contact in California in 2014, comparing variation in ED use, visit frequency, diagnoses and insurance coverage. Design Retrospective, cross-sectional study. Setting Analyses included
HSJCC – Crossroads in Mental Health Crisis and Law Enforcement – 2019-11-04
Evolving social, economic and fiscal realities have created a strain in the treatment of mental illness. As a result of this strain, police services often become the first line of contact between a person in crisis and available resources. Police
Impact of acutely behavioural disturbed patients in the emergency department: A prospective observational study [2018]
Objective The present study describes patients with acute behavioural disturbance presenting to the ED, the impact they have on the department and any complications that occur. Methods We performed a prospective observational study of adult patients (>17 years old) requiring parenteral
Impact of Psychiatric Nurses in a Liaison Role on Mental Health Care in Emergency Room: A Systemic Review [2017]
Background: Mental illness affects about 26.2 percent of the people in the United States in a 12 month period and has a life time prevalence of about 46 percent. This implies that a large number of patients depend largely on
Intensive home treatment for patients in acute psychiatric crisis situations: a multicentre randomized controlled trial – 2018
Background Hospitalization is a common method to intensify care for patients experiencing a psychiatric crisis. A short-term, specialised, out-patient crisis intervention by a Crisis Resolution Team (CRT) in the Netherlands, called Intensive Home Treatment (IHT), is a viable intervention which
Investigating the Characteristics of Vulnerable Referrals Made to a Multi-Agency Safeguarding Hub [2019]
Multi-Agency Safeguarding Hubs (MASHs) have been a feature of safeguarding processes since 2010, aiming to increase information sharing, joint decision-making, and co-ordinated interventions between safeguarding agencies. However, understanding the mechanisms underpinning MASH, and who they protect, is limited. This article
Involuntary psychiatric admissions have increased significantly in Ontario: study – News Release – Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences – 2018-02-22
Involuntary psychiatric hospital admissions have increased steadily from 70.7 per cent of all psychiatric admissions in 2009 to 77.1 per cent in 2013. In a new study from the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES) and the Centre for Addiction
Is 911 a Safe Option for a Mental Health Crisis? – Psychology Today – 2018-07-12
When I learned how to assess for suicide in graduate school, I was taught to add “go to the nearest ER or call 911” to any safety plan for a client who was not in imminent danger of self-harm but
Joint Mobile Crisis Response Pilot Project – Made in Thunder Bay – 2019-11-04
The Joint Mobile Crisis Response Pilot Project is an innovative partnership between Canadian Mental Health Association – Thunder Bay, Thunder Bay Police Service, and the Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre. Crisis workers partner with police to respond to mental
Keeping It REAL: Assisting Individuals After a Police-Abated Mental Health Crisis [2018]
This article evaluates a community-based, peer support program in which police officers and mental health workers collaboratively address citizens’ mental health needs following encounters with law enforcement. We analyzed data 12, 24, and 36 months after a police-abated mental health
Length of Involuntary Hospitalization Related to the Referring Physician’s Psychiatric Emergency Experience – 2018-03
Although involuntary commitment (IC) is a serious intervention in psychiatry and must always be regarded as an emergency measure, the knowledge about influencing factors is limited. Aims were to test the hypothesis that duration of involuntary hospitalization and associated parameters
Malingering in the Psychiatric Emergency Department: Prevalence, Predictors, and Outcomes [2018]
Objective: Malingering is commonly encountered in the psychiatric emergency department, yet little is known about its prevalence, objectives, or effect on patient management. This study analyzed characteristics of malingering and patient disposition in a 24/7-staffed comprehensive psychiatric emergency program (CPEP)
Mental health crisis resolution teams and crisis care systems in England: a national survey – 2018
Aims and method A national survey investigated the implementation of mental health crisis resolution teams (CRTs) in England. CRTs were mapped and team managers completed an online survey. Results Ninety-five per cent of mapped CRTs (n = 233) completed the
Mental Health Engagement and Response Team(MHEART) – Why Crisis Response should be Multi-Sectoral and Flexible – 2019-11-04
After years of program reorganization, and re-deployment of resources to meet the needs of individuals in mental health crisis; and coinciding with the creation of the Northumberland County Situation Table, the MHEART program was created. This workshop will share the
Mobile Crisis Intervention Team (MCIT) – Development and Evaluation of Toronto’s Co-Responding Police Mental Health Service Team – 2015-11-17
The Mobile Crisis Intervention Team (MCIT) is a co-responding police-mental health program. This presentation will share the process of coordinating MCIT’s across hospital, LHIN, and justice/healthcare boundaries. The results of a mixed-method outcome evaluation will be presented, focusing on clients’ experiences with
Mobile Crisis Rapid Response Team (Hamilton)
This presentation will focus on the development and outcomes of a new first responder model that pairs police officers and mental health crisis workers for 911 response in Hamilton, ON. A description of how the MCRRT evolved from a strong
Mobile Crisis Response Teams in Ontario: A Provincial Framework and Toolkit – 2019-11-05
Over the past 20 years in Ontario, there has been ongoing development and implementation of collaborative crisis response teams that involve police and mental health and addictions service providers responding to front line crises. While great successes have been seen,
Mobile Integrated Team – Creating Capacity through Mobile Response – 2019-11-05
The Mobile Integrated Team (MIT) is a joint pilot project between Lutheran Community Care Centre, Community Living Thunder Bay and Options Northwest. They provide a flexible and responsive model of support to adults with developmental disabilities and other multi-sector, complex
Multi‐site study exploring the experiences of security staff responding to mental health, drug health and behavioural challenges in the emergency department [2020]
ObjectiveThis multi‐site study aimed to give voice to the views and experiences of security staff in assisting with the response to the growing number of people with mental health, drug health and behavioural problems attending EDs. MethodsExplorative qualitative research design,
National implementation of a mental health service model: A survey of Crisis Resolution Teams in England – 2017-01
In response to pressures on mental health inpatient beds and a perceived ‘crisis in acute care’, Crisis Resolution Teams (CRTs), acute home treatment services, were implemented nationally in England following the NHS Plan in the year 2000: an unprecedentedly prescriptive
National Trends in Emergency Department Visits by Adults With Mental Health Disorders [2016]
Background Although mental health disorders (MHDs) affect as many as 1 in 4 adults in the U.S., the national trends in emergency department (ED) use for adults who have MHD comorbidities are unknown. Objective To evaluate the role of mental
Paramedics’ perceptions of their scope of practice in caring for patients with non-medical emergency-related mental health and/or alcohol and other drug problems: A qualitative study [2018]
Background Paramedics are called on frequently to provide care to patients with mental health and/or and alcohol and other drug (AOD) problems, but may have mixed views about how this fits within their role. Aims To explore paramedics’ experience of
Perceptions of Procedural Justice and Coercion during Community-Based Mental Health Crisis: A Comparison Study among Stand-Alone Police Response and Co-Responding Police and Mental Health Clinician Response [2016]
The interaction of police officers with people experiencing community-based mental health crisis has involved the use of first responder police responses and/or co-responding approaches with mental health clinicians. Despite favourable outcomes, the consumer experience remains largely unknown. The aim of
Perspectives on Indigenous cultural competency and safety in Canadian hospital emergency departments: A scoping review [2019]
Highlights • There are multiple perspectives on how to create culturally safe EDs for Indigenous patients. • Key facilitators include relationship building and ED-specific cultural competency training. • Key barriers include ED capacity limitations and racism/discrimination. • ED cultural safety
Police and mental health responses to mental health crisis in the Waikato region of New Zealand [2018]
New Zealand police report a high level of involvement with people in mental health crisis, something that has been reported in the international literature in recent decades. Involvement of police represents a coercive pathway to care and is likely to
